Showing posts with label Epicurus. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Epicurus. Show all posts

02 August, 2009

In praise of Common Law


It's true that there's no absolute, platonic, abstraction of
jurisprudence to appeal to. This doesn't, though, mean that it is 'all
relative' or that justice (as opposed to law) can be arrived at only
by some sort of loose agreement.

We're an animal (and there are others) that has evolved a strong moral
sense. We can distinguish fair from unfair and right from wrong. This
sense does not, of course, mean that everybody behaves morally, all
the time; even ants in an ant colony sometimes rebel.

It does, though, mean that we can identify the clear, constant bases
of justice. There's a long historical record from which the essential
matters can be deduced. This is the basis of the soundest form of law,
Common Law, the gradually accreted body of a multitude of small
judgements, taken as precedents, that embodies our internal moral
system, particularly with its exceptions, contradictions and evolved
attitudes to, for example, the relative power of monarchs to ordinary
people, and the legitimacy of torture, execution and arbitrary
detention.

Unfortunately, where common law has been strongest, there's been
something of a conspiracy of politicians [the correct term for a
collection of the creatures, I believe] to replace this with the badly
drafted, idiot inspired, bloated corpus of legislation.

This erosion of an essentially sound system by an essentially foolish
one, has led to the decline in the respect for law that properly
attends such a decline in the essential requirements for respect -
justice, fairness and impartiality. This, in turn, has led to a
decline in justice, which, in turn, as a simple consequence, has led
to an increase in crime.

04 October, 2006

Jeremy Bentham, Epicurus, Rawls and torture

Investigating the question of Epicurus and his view of torture has led me to look at Jeremy Bentham again.

Sadly his works are not all indexed and on line - apparently work is in
progress to collate, index and publish them, but it will be a 70 volume
monster!

It seems to me that, where Epicurus identified the maximising of happiness as a useful goal in life, Bentham took the matter a stage further with his utilitarian calculus. His work on jurisprudence and punishment is
interesting. He saw that punishment was necessary to encourage better behaviour in people, but that the total punishment meted out could never be allowed to exceed the total misery that the crimes had caused. Furthermore corporal, and of course capital, punishment were too extreme in their negative effect on the total happiness of humanity to be countenanced.

I haven't been able to find any direct references to torture in Bentham's writing, though I am sure that there must be - has anybody else come across any?

Epicurus appears not to be pro-torture, he hardly could see it as a means to happiness for anybody, but he does suggest that the wise man would suffer torture calmly. In this he has the imaginative edge over those currently
urging torture as he doesn't see it only as something to be applied to 'the other' [since Epicurus is a humanist and not a xenophobe], but as something that even a happy, wise and honourable person might suffer in the course of
life.

Though Epicurus suggested avoiding politics was wise for a happy life, a sound view, Bentham, of course, considers the wider implications, for happiness for all, which does require a political accommodation. Actually Epicurus' urging that to be happy you must understand and make peace with your neighbour does really cover the same point if 'neighbour' is taken in
the widest sense - your enemy is, after all, only a neighbour with whom you have failed to make accommodation.

It seems to me that, if they had the chance, both Bentham and Epicurus would be consider Rawl's test of a just society as being a sound one from a utilitarian and Epicurean point of view. Since nobody but a masochist would
invite torture on themselves, I can't see that anybody applying Rawl's test could justify torture.

I wonder too that, since torture has been known to be ineffective in producing reliable information for several centuries those that argue for it must either be ignorant of this fact, or wilfully ignoring it - or must
rather have a different reason for urging torture than the 'ticking bomb' excuse. I think that they are really motivated by feelings of revenge, hatred and the smug assumption that they, themselves, will never face it,
being ubermenschen in their opinion.

--
Yesterday's chip wrapper is enjoys eternal youth - something denied the nectar of the gods; tomorrow's free beer.